Vanish (brand)
Vanish logo
Vanish toilet bowl cleaner is manufactured by S. C. Johnson & Son.
They obtained the brand through the purchase of The Drackett Company in 1992. Drackett purchased the product from inventor Judson Dunaway.
Judson Dunaway Corporation of Dover NH introduced Vanish in 1937 as a competitor to Sani-Flush, a toilet bowl cleaner made since 1911. The products were substantially the same; the last Sani-Flush patent had expired in 1932.
In 1947, Hygenic Products sued Judson Dunaway on grounds of trademark infringement and unfair competition. Sani-Flush used a yellow 22-ounce can showing a woman pouring bowl cleaner into a toilet. Initially, Vanish sold their product in a white 22-ounce showing the bowl cleaner coming from the bottom of the “I”. After WWII, Vanish advertising started to show a woman pouring the product into a toilet bowl, and then a hand, obviously female, pouring powder into a toilet bowl. Dunaway won on appeal.
The active ingredient in crystal bowl cleaners is sodium bisulfite (also known as sodium hydrogen sulfite). Various surfactants are added. This forms an acid when mixed with water. Most other household cleaners are basic (alkaline) in nature.
Sources:
- Judson Dunaway residence
- 178 F.2d 461 (84 U.S.P.Q. 31) HYGIENIC PRODUCTS CO. v. JUDSON DUNAWAY CORPORATION, United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
- US Patent 1,118,200 Cleaning And Disinfecting Powder for the Removal of Stains, Incrustations, &c.
Unsolved problems in chemistry
Unsolved problems in chemistry tend to be (”can we make X compound”) and are solved rather quickly, but here are some persistent questions with deep implications:
- Solvolysis of the norbornyl cation: Why is the norbornyl cation so stable? Is it symmetrical? This problem has been largely settled for the unsubstituted norbornyl cation, but not for the substituted cation.
- On-water reactions: Why are some organic reactions accelerated at the water-organic interface?
- Better-than perfect enzymes: Why do some enzymes exhibit faster-than-diffusion kinetics?
- Feynmanium: What are the chemical consequences of having an element (137) whose electrons must travel faster than the speed of light?
- Chemical transformation traversal: Is it practical to generate a database of chemical transformations and derive synthetic routes to any arbitrary compound?
- Protein folding problem: Is it possible to predict the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a polypeptide sequence based solely on the sequence, and environmental information?
- Inverse protein-folding problem: Is it possible to design a polypeptide sequence which will adopt a given structure under certain environmental conditions?
- What is the origin of homochirality in amino acids and sugars?
- Do sterics (electronic repulsion) or electronics (electronic polarization) have a greater effect on chiral induction in stereospecific and stereoselective chemical reactions?
Trypsin inhibitor
Trypsin inhibitors are chemicals that reduce the bio-availability of trypsin, an amino acid essential to nutrition of many animals, including humans.
There are four commercial sources of trypsin inhibitors.
| Source |
Molecular weight |
Inhibitatory power |
| Lima Beans |
8-10 kDa |
2.2 times weight |
| Bovine Pancreas |
6.5 kDa |
2.5 times weight |
| Ovomucoid |
8-10 kDa |
1.2 times weight |
| Soybeans |
20.7-22.3 kDa |
1.2 times weight |
There are six different lima bean inhibitors.
Ovomucoids are the glycoprotein protease inhibitors found in avian egg white. There are other protease inhibitors in ovomucoids as well.
Kunitz inhibitor is the best known pancreatic inhibitor. Chymotryptin is also inhibited by this chemical, but less tightly. When extracted from lung tissue, this is known as aprotinin.
Soybeans contain several inhibitors; the one in the chart is considered the primary one. All of them bind chymotryptin to a lesser degree.
See also
- Jones et al., Biochem., 2, 66, (1963)
- Lineweaver and Murray JBC, 171, 565 (1947)
- Kunitz and Northrop J. Gen. Physiol., 19, 991 (1936)
- Fraenkel-Conrat, et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 37, 393 (1952)
- Frattali, V., and Steiner, R.: Biochem., 7, 521 (1968)
Tritiated water
Tritiated water is a form of water where the usual hydrogen atoms are replaced with tritium. It is also called tritium oxide, or T2O or 3H2O. It is radioactive, and used to make self-illuminating devices called trasers. It is also used as a tracer for water transport studies in life-science research. Furthermore, since it naturally occurs in minute quantities, it can be used to acurately determine the age of various water-based liquids, such as vintage wines.
It should not be confused with heavy water.
Material Safety Data Sheet
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions.
Third phase
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Please help recruit one, or improve this page yourself if you can.
Third phase is the term for a stable emulsion which forms in a solvent extraction system when the original two phases (aqueous and organic) are mixed.
One term for the thrid phase found in PUREX plants is crud (Chalk River Unknown Deposit). One common crud is formed by the reaction of zirconium salts (from fission) with degraded tributyl phosphate (TBP). The TBP degrades into dibutyl hydrogen phosphate and then into butyl dihydrogen phosphate. The dibutyl hydrogen phosphate and the zirconium can form polymeric solid which is very insoluble.
Theoretical yield
In chemistry, theoretical yield is calculated assuming that there is only one reaction involved, all of the reactant is converted into product and all the product is collected. It is the theoretical result of a chemical reaction.
Surface functionalization
Surface functionalization introduces chemical functional groups to a surface. This way, functional materials can be designed from substrates with standard bulk material properties. Prominent examples can be found in semiconductor industry and biomaterial research. In both cases, plasma processing technologies were successfully employed.
Supernatant
Supernatant is the liquid, containing soluble compounds, that is left behind after a mixture is centrifuged or precipitated. The concentrated material left at the bottom of the centrifuge is known as a pellet.
Superbase
In chemistry, a superbase is an extremely strong base. There is no commonly accepted (see superacid) standard for “stronger than what?” although most chemists will happily consider sodium hydroxide as their ‘benchmark’ base just as they use sulfuric acid as their ‘benchmark’ acid.
There are three main classes of superbases: organic, organometallic, and inorganic.
An organic superbase is Proton Sponge.
In organic synthesis, the Lochmann-Schlosser base, i.e. the combination of n-butyllithium and potassium tert-butoxide, is commonly referred to as a superbase. In this combination of reagents the tertiary alcoholate serves to complex the lithium ion, thus freeing the carbanion from its close association with the metal ion. Other such systems are collectively called harpoon bases.
Inorganic superbases are typically salts with highly charged, small negative ions, e.g. lithium nitride, which has extreme negative charge density and so is highly attracted to the aqueous hydronium ion.
See also
Structure
-
For specific meanings of structure in specific fields, see structure (disambiguation).
Look up
Structure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The structure of a thing is how the parts of it relate to each other, how it is “put together”. This contrasts with process, which is how the thing works; but process requires a viable structure.
Both reality and language have structure. One of the goals of general semantics, and of science, is to create and use language the structure of which accurately parallels the structure of reality.
See also
- Social sciences
- Social structure
- Structuralism
- Theory of structuration
- Hierarchy
- Structural violence
- Infrastructure
- Deep structure
- General semantics
- Computer science
- Data model
- Refactoring
- Network architecture
- Reality
- Mathematics
- Abstract structure
- Structure (mathematical logic)
- Mathematical structure
- Discrete space
- Form
- Chemical structure
- Architecture
- Tree structure
- Structural failure
- Tent
- Truss
- Dormer
- Musical form
- Content
- Composition
- Text encoding
- Parser
- People
- Lists, including ordered lists
